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Mahogany

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae

The name mahogany was first used for wood of Swietenia mahagoni, later also for the wood of the closely related Swietenia macrophylla. Mahogany hardwood is famed for its use in making furniture and other rather durable objects (e.g. a paddle to last at a fraternity) as easy to work, stable in use, and displays a beautiful reddish sheen when polished. Today, all species of Swietenia are listed by CITES.

The same plant is also used for decorative purposes, especially as some varieties produces bright (mainly yellow) blooms out of season, even in winter.

The name "mahogany" is also widely used for that of the African genus Khaya (closely related to Swietenia) which should properly be called African mahogany. Used in the plural, "mahoganies" may refer to the wider group of all the timbers yielded by the three related genera Swietenia, Khaya and Entandrophragma. The timbers of Entandrophragma are traded under their individual names, sometimes with "mahogany" attached: for example "sipo" may sometimes be called "sipo mahogany"

In addition the timber trade deals with many so-called "mahoganies" with various adjectives attached, notably "Philippine mahogany". These woods will have nothing to do with mahogany proper. One may get in great trouble by using the name "mahogany"!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany

Звиняюсь, что на ненашем, по возможности переведу. Самое важное, что мы можем почерпнуть из описания выше, это то, что
(а) слово "махогани", хотя изначально относилось к одному дереву - Swietenia, сейчас используется в разных значениях
(б) это семейство махоганиевых - Meliaceae


Лезем дальше:

Семейство Meliaceae

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae

The Meliaceae, or the Mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants) in the order Sapindales, characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules and by syncarpous, usually bisexual flowers borne in panicles, cymes, spikes, or clusters. Many species are deciduous, either in the dry season or in winter, but some are evergreen.

The family includes about 50 genera and 550 species, with a pantropical distribution; one genus (Toona) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, and another (Melia) nearly as far north.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliaceae


И вот его наиболее известные представители:

Neem Azadirachta indica (India)
Crabwood Tree Carapa procera (South America and Africa)
Cedrela Cedrela odorata (Central and South America; timber also known as Spanish-cedar)
Sapele Entandrophragma cylindricum (tropical Africa)
Utile or Sipo, Entandrophragma utile (tropical Africa)
Bossé Guarea cedrata (Africa)
Bossé Guarea thompsonii (Africa)
Ivory Coast Mahogany Khaya ivorensis (tropical Africa)
Senegal Mahogany Khaya senegalensis (tropical Africa)
Chinaberry or Bead Tree, Melia azedarach (Queensland, India and southern China)
Honduras Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla (Central and South America)
West Indies Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni (Caribbean, including southern Florida)
Australian Redcedar Toona australis (Australia), often included in Toona ciliata (seq.)
Toon, surian (int. trade) Toona ciliata (India, southeast Asia and eastern Australia)

Здесь мы видим тот самый Sapele, то есть он действительно относится к семейству махоганиевых

Теперь покопаемся в палисандрах....

Rosewood

Rosewood refers to a number of richly hued timbers, brownish with darker veining. All rosewoods are strong and heavy, taking an excellent polish, being suitable for flooring, furniture and turnery. In general, supplies are poor through overexploitation. Some species become canopy trees (to 30 m high), and big pieces can occasionally be found in the trade.

The pre-eminent rosewood appreciated in the western world is Dalbergia nigra, Brazilian rosewood (now CITES-listed). It is also known as Rio rosewood or Bahia rosewood. This wood has a strong sweet smell, which persists over the years, explaning the name "rosewood".

Another classic rosewood is Dalbergia latifolia known as (East) Indian rosewood or sonokeling. Other rosewoods can be found in tropical America, South East Asia and Madagascar. All the real rosewoods belong to the genus Dalbergia, but note that the reverse is not true: only a few (perhaps not much over a dozen) species of the genus are recognized as rosewoods.

The woods of some other species in the genus Dalbergia are notable, even famous, woods in their own right: African blackwood, cocobolo, kingwood and tulipwood. The Indian souvenir trade tries to sell objects made of Dalbergia sissoo (sometimes stained purple) as if they were rosewood. The wood of some other species is usable for toolhandles, at best.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewood
The timber trade will sell many timbers under the name 'rosewood' (with a adjective) due to similarities in figure. A fair number of these timbers come from other leguminous genera: one that is often mentioned is Machaerium scleroxylon.


Здесь мы узнаём, что термин "розовое дерево" - это широкое понятие и применяется в отношении разных деревьев, но настоящие "розовые деревья - это семейство Dalbergia

Dalbergia

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Dalbergieae
Genus: Dalbergia

Dalbergia is a large genus of small to medium-size trees, shrubs and lianas in the pea family, Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. The genus has a wide distribution, native to the tropical regions of Central and South America, Africa, Madagascar and southern Asia. The size of the genus is disputed, with different authorities citing between 100-600 species; ILDIS accepts 159 species.

Many species of Dalbergia are important timber trees, valued for their decorative and often fragrant wood, rich in aromatic oils. The most famous of these are the rosewoods, so-named because of the smell, but several other valuable woods are yielded by the genus.

The pre-eminent rosewood appreciated in the western world is D. nigra known as Rio, Bahia, Brazilian Rosewood, Palisander de Rio Grande, or Jacarandá; heavily exploited in the past, it is now CITES-listed. The second most desired rosewood in the western world is D. latifolia known as (East) Indian Rosewood or Sonokeling. Most rosewoods are a rich brown with a good figure. Note that only a small part of all Dalbergia species yield rosewood.

The (Brazilian) Tulipwood (D. decipularis) is cream coloured with red or salmon stripes. It is most often used in crossbanding and other veneers; it should not be confused with the "tulipwood" of the American Tulip Tree Liriodendron tulipifera, used in cheap cabinetwork.

The similarly used (but purple with darker stripes), and also Brazilian, Kingwood is yielded by D. cearensis. Both are smallish trees, to 10m. Another notable timber is Cocobolo, mainly from D. retusa, a Central American timber with spectacular decorative orange red figure on freshly cut surfaces which quickly fades in air to more subdued tones and hues.

The Indian souvenir trade sells objects made of Dalbergia sissoo (sometimes stained purple) as if they were rosewood. The wood of some species can be used for toolhandles, at best.

African Blackwood (D. melanoxylon) is an intensely black wood in demand for making woodwind musical instruments

Наиболее важные представители:

Dalbergia brownei (Coin Vine)
Dalbergia cearensis (Kingwood)
Dalbergia cochinchinensis (Siamese Rosewood)
Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (Coinvine)
Dalbergia decipularis (Tulipwood)
Dalbergia frutescens
Dalbergia latifolia (Indian Rosewood, Sonokeling)
Dalbergia melanoxylon (African Blackwood)
Dalbergia monetaria (Moneybush)
Dalbergia nigra (Brazilian Rosewood, Jacarandá)
Dalbergia retusa (Cocobolo)
Dalbergia sissoo (Sheesham, Sissoo)
Dalbergia stevensonii (Honduras Rosewood)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalbergia


Вот тут мы и видим, где я ошибся в соседнем треде: индийский палисандр называется Sonokeling

Кстати, слово палисандр (Palisander) встречается в тексте только по отношению к бразильскому палисандру.

Наконец, там же, в палисандрах, мы находим африканское черное дерево (African Blackwood), известное нам как эбони:

African Blackwood

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Dalbergia
Species: melanoxylon

African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon) is yielded by the same genus Dalbergia that yields rosewood, tulipwood, cocobolo and other famous timbers. African Blackwood is a dense, lustrous wood, ranging from reddish to pure black. These days it is no longer regarded as being ebony, a name now reserved for a limited number of timbers yielded by the genus Diospyros: these are more of a matt appearance and are more brittle. African Blackwood is a known in East Africa as Mpingo. It is generally cut into small billets or logs with its sharply demarcated bright yellow white sapwood left on to assist in the slow drying so as to prevent cracks developing. Good quality "A" grade African Blackwood commands good prices on the commercial timber market.

Uses
The tonal qualities of African Blackwood are particularly valued when used in woodwind instruments, principally clarinets, oboes and Northumbrian pipes. Furniture makers from the time of the Egyptians have valued this timber. A story states that it has been even been used as ballast in trading ships and that some enterprising Northumbrian pipe makers used old discarded Blackwood ballast to great effect.

Осталось только куда-то отнести бубингу....

Нашлось только упоминание бубинги как дерева из рода coralwood - коралловое дерево

Coralwood (Guibourtia)

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Tribe: Detarieae
Genus: Guibourtia

Guibourtia is a plant genus of the family Fabaceae (legume family). It contains 16 to 17 species in tropical Africa.

The genus is well-known for its luxury timbers. The best-known timber is bubinga (Guibourtia demeusei, aka kevazingo). Another is ovangkol. Species of Guibourtia also produce Congo copal.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubinga

Из "родословной" дерева мы видим, что бубинга относится к семейству Fabaceae, как и палисандры, поэтому всё же ближе к палисандрам, чем к махогани.

Ладно, на десерт про агатис, который называют дешевым вариантом красного дерева, и который отношения к красным деревьям не имеет вообще...

Красное дерево и палисандр - это деревья с цветочками, а агатис - это ближе к нашим соснам.

Agathis

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Araucariaceae
Genus: Agathis

The genus Agathis, commonly known as kauri or dammar, forms a relatively small group of 21 species of evergreen trees in the family Araucariaceae, characteristically with very large trunks and little or no branching for some way up. Young trees are normally conical in shape, only upon maturity does the crown become more rounded or irregularly shaped.


Bark of Agathis robusta at Melbourne Royal Botanic Gardens (leaves belong to another plant)The bark is smooth and light grey to grey-brown usually peeling into irregular flakes that become thicker on more mature trees. The branch structure is often horizontal or when larger, becoming more ascending. The lowest branches often leave circular branch scars as they fall off from the lower trunk.

The juvenile leaves in all species are larger than the adult, more or less acute, varying among the species from ovate to lanceolate. Adult leaves are opposite, elliptical to linear, and very leathery and quite thick. Young leaves are often a coppery-red, contrasting markedly with the usually green or glaucous-green foliage of the previous season.

The male pollen cones appear usually only on larger trees after seed cones have appeared. The female seed cones usually develop on short lateral branchlets, maturing after two years. They are normally oval or globe shaped.

Uses
Various species of kauri give diverse resins such as kauri copal and Manilla copal, as well as timber, which is straight-grained and of fine quality.
The wood is commonly used in the manufacture of budget-priced guitars

Кстати, там же есть ссылка на то, что из всего семейства махагониевых, помимо настоящих махагони - Swetenia, признаются равными им только деревья семейства Khaya, или Африканский махогони. Эта древесина также имеет право называться махогони, и, соответственно, продаваться под этим названием. Остальные же деревья семейства должны называться своими именами - именно это мы и видим в случае с сапеле.

А вот, благодаря NeCaster, который отчитал меня за лень и безделье в поиске деревьев , найден и Nayto aka Nato:


Mora
Mora excelsa and Mora gonggrijpii.
_________________________________________
Family: Leguminosa

Other Common Names: Nato, Nato rojo (Colombia), Mora de Guyana (Venezuela), Marobukea, Mora (Guyana), Mora Moraboekea (Surinam), Pracuuba (Brazil).

Distribution: M. excelsa: Widely distributed in the Guianas and less so in the Orinoco Delta of Venezuela; dominant on river levees and flood plains forming dense stands. M. gonggrijpii: Restricted to Guyana and Surinam, a dominant species best adapted to hillsides on heavy clay soils.

The Tree Usually 100 to 120 ft high and 2 to 3 ft in diameter with clear boles 60 ft and more above very large buttresses that may extend 15 ft up the trunk. Trees of M. excelsa 160 to 200 ft high and 4 ft in diameter are reported.

The Wood General Characteristics: Heartwood yellowish red brown, reddish brown or dark red with paler streaks; sapwood 2 to 6 in. wide, distinct, yellowish to pale brown. Texture moderately fine to rather coarse, rather harsh to the feel; luster medium to high; grain is straight to commonly interlocked, very variable; astringent taste and slightly sour odor.

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Семейство Leguminosa - это второе название семейства Fabaceae, т.е. это ближе к палисандрам.

Linden, он же Lime, он же Basswood

Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Tilia


Недавно закупили партию стартовых гитар из "linden". Что за зверь?

Оказалось, что linden - это просто североамериканский синоним британского lime, по-научному семейство Tilia, а в простонародье - липа

Кстати сказать, хотя британцы и называют его "лайм", никакого отношения к цитрусовому лайму (разновидность лимона) дерево не имеет.